“[M]ore evidence that birds did not descend from ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs”: research from Oregon State University, home to evolutionists who reject the dinosaur-to-bird evolution tale.
Last year we covered research from Oregon State that revealed a key difference in dinosaur and bird anatomy that stymies claims that the former evolved into the latter. Now, research from the same department says not only that dinosaurs did not evolve into birds, but that some birds may have evolved into what are now considered dinosaurs. Those ideas go strongly against the current of most evolutionary research over the past decades.
Oregon State zoologist John Ruben, who commented on the research in a recent issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, said, “We’re finally breaking out of the conventional wisdom of the last 20 years, which insisted that birds evolved from dinosaurs and that the debate is all over and done with. This issue isn’t resolved at all. There are just too many inconsistencies with the idea that birds had dinosaur ancestors, and this newest study adds to that.” Ruben also explained the alternative scenario Oregon State researchers are proposing: “Raptors look quite a bit like dinosaurs but they have much more in common with birds than they do with other theropod dinosaurs such as Tyrannosaurus. We think the evidence is finally showing that these animals which are usually considered dinosaurs were actually descended from birds, not the other way around.” And in his published commentary, he noted, “Given the vagaries of the fossil record, current notions of near resolution of many of the most basic questions about long-extinct forms should probably be regarded with caution.”
The dinosaur-bird evolution debate is entwined with evolutionary disagreement over how flight developed: from ground-dwelling dinosaurs that (supposedly) ran to achieve flight, or from animals that glided from the treetops, like flying squirrels. According to Ruben, one recently examined fossil is not consistent with the ground-up version, suggesting that raptors were descendants of birds that lost their flight capabilities (rather than dinosaurs in the process of “learning to fly”).
From the Bible, we know that God created animals to reproduce “after their kind.” We also know, from observational science, that as kinds reproduce, they occasionally lose complex features—but never spontaneously gain them if they were not present in the creature’s original genome. A third fact we know is that understanding fossils requires a great deal of interpretive work—and those interpretations are quite subject to bias. Thus, without observing raptors and certain fossilized birds in real life, we can only conclude that they were members of original created kinds and that any flying capabilities in either group were the result of design, not accident. It is even possible that some so-called “feathered dinosaurs” (whether they genuinely had feathers or not; we’re not convinced) should be seen as distinct from other dinosaur kinds. For all their theories, evolutionists still cannot explain such crucial flight technology, such as how feathers could have evolved—from scales or anything else. Neither the idea that dinosaurs evolved into birds nor the notion that birds evolved into dinosaurs can answer that question.
The most famous face in science news this week is that of “Inuk,” an ancient Greenlander whose genome was reconstructed from 4000-year-old hair.
Archaeologists discovered the clump of hair in the teeth of a whale-bone comb more than twenty years ago. Since then, the hair sat in the National Museum of Denmark until University of Copenhagen scientist Eske Willerslev decided to test it for DNA. A two-month process of sequencing allowed Willerslev’s team to map more than eighty percent of the original owner’s genome, offering great insight into the physical characteristics of the individual.
“He had brown eyes, brown skin, a tendency to baldness, dry earwax, and shovel-shaped front teeth,” explained Willerslev. Close examination also revealed no traces of European-only genes; rather, Inuk’s genome had similarities with Arctic and Native American populations. According to the researchers, this indicates that Inuk’s closest modern relatives are probably those living in northeastern Siberia. The Inuit who live on Greenland today, however, are not close genetic relatives of Inuk.
BBC News reports that the researchers believe Inuk’s group may have migrated from Siberia around 5,500 years ago, independently of the primary migration that populated the Americas. We can be confident that Inuk’s migration was a bit more recent—after the dispersion at Babel, closer to 4,200 years ago. However, the research does seem to suggest that the Americas may have been populated from Asia in multiple waves, depositing people groups with varying degrees of similarity. Why Inuk’s people died out in the Americas (assuming the team’s genetic conclusions are correct), we may never know.
It’s no surprise that many astronomers cling to hopes for finding extraterrestrial life in our own solar system, despite the lack of evidence so far. But while Mars is such speculators’ biggest target, Saturn’s moon Enceladus has received considerable attention as well.
Astronomers believe the moon’s icy surface hides an ocean of liquid water, in many ways the “holy grail” in the search for extraterrestrial life. “Where there’s water, carbon and energy, some of the major ingredients for life are present,” University College London’s Andrew Coates told BBC News. The latest excitement is based on 2008 scans by space probe Cassini, which detected negatively charged water molecules (ions) in Enceladus’s atmosphere. This suggests movement in the water, such as occurs in waterfalls and breaking waves on Earth.
Although water movement is not the only way such ions could have originated, astronomers have already observed water vapor plumes breaking through the ice near Enceladus’s south pole. Cassini has also detected hydrocarbon ions, adding to astrobiologists’ interest in the moon. ScienceDaily carries a quotation on the news from the Cassini-funding Science and Technology Facilities Council’s Keith Mason: “This measurement of water ions in the ice plume of Enceladus is incredibly exciting and provides us with further hope of finding water and maybe even life on this distant icy moon.”
From the creationist perspective, the idea that having water and hydrocarbons in the same place might be enough for life is like expecting a pile of metal, plastic, rubber, and petroleum products to transform itself into a functioning automobile under the right circumstances.
When it comes to fossils, people usually think about the bones of dinosaurs or the shells of marine creatures. Considering that, a nearly perfect fossil found in China is quite unique.
The fossils are of Eoplectreurys gertschi spiders, said to date to 165 million years ago. The fossils were found at a site thought to have been an ancient lake bed, filled with numerous kinds of fossils.
University of Kansas paleontologist Paul Selden, lead author on a study of the find, extolled the remarkable preservation of the spiders. “You go in with a microscope, and bingo! It’s fantastic.” He believes the fossils were formed during a volcanic eruption, when the spiders were trapped in volcanic ash. The find reminds us that such perfect fossils do not form in typical conditions; they generally require catastrophic circumstances to instantly bury a creature. Those circumstances would have been present throughout the Flood year (which likely included volcanic activity), which is why the Flood can help us explain the fossils found worldwide. Of course, even in catastrophic circumstances, not every fossil is intact.
Also notable is that the spiders are almost identical to their modern relatives. “Looking at modern ones, you think, well, it’s just a dead ringer,” Selden said of part of the spider anatomy. For creationists, of course, it’s no surprise to encounter spiders in the fossil record as fully formed creatures, little different from today.
Do volcanic islands need millions of years to form? Or can they arrive in the geological equivalent of the blink of an eye?
Fewer than 1,000 miles south of Tokyo, and just three miles from World War II landmark Iwo Jima, lies an undersea volcano known as Fukutoku-Okanoba. It may not remain undersea for long, however. In early February the Japanese coast guard became aware of new eruptions from the regularly active volcano, and have continued observing the site in the meantime. National Geographic News carries several stunning photographs of the eruptions.
Lava has broken the ocean’s surface during previous Fukutoku-Okanoba eruptions, but never long enough to hold off the ocean’s erosive force. The most recent such time was in 1986, when an island survived for less than two months; National Geographic News reports that a five-mile-wide island formed in 1914 and remained for more than two years. Nonetheless, the process is identical to the formation of all volcanic islands, such as Surtsey—an island that formed off the coast of Iceland during the 1960s (and remains there today). Thus, Keiji Doi of the Japan Meteorological Agency said, “We have seen no evidence of an island being created yet, but it is possible, and we will continue to monitor the situation.”
The formation of volcanic islands before our eyes shows that none would have needed millions and millions of years to form; given the right rate of volcanic output; even a large island can form rapidly. And although we cannot be sure, it seems intuitively likely that many of the volcanic islands with us today formed during the intense volcanic activity of the Flood year and since, in a short period of time of just 4,500 years.
http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/2010/02/13/news-to-note-02132010