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When it comes to the dating of sedimentary rocks, the fossils in them are of paramount importance. In the words of the late Derek Ager, ‘… fossils have been and still are the best and most accurate method of dating and correlating the rocks in which they occur …’1
Why is this so?
Dating rocks and fossils
Figure 1. Click here for a larger image. Location map for the Newvale No. 2 Coal Mine, north of Sydney on the east coast of Australia.
Uniformitarian geologists and evolutionary paleontologists believe that as countless creatures lived and died over millions of years of Earth history, some were buried in slowly accumulating sediments and then fossilised. Accumulated genetic changes over millions of years supposedly resulted in the evolution of new species, genera and families. So when fossils are found in sedimentary rock layers, they are identified within the context of where they fit in the evolutionary ‘tree of life’, and a millions-of-years ‘age’ is therefore assigned to the fossil and the rock accordingly.2
In recent years a variety of techniques have been developed to ‘date’ some rocks and minerals using the decay of radioactive elements in them. These methods include potassium-argon, rubidium-strontium, uranium-thorium-lead and samarium-neodymium dating. They are used, for example, on layers of volcanic rocks above and below fossil-bearing sedimentary rock layers. Thus these methods, though not directly dating the fossils, have often ‘confirmed’ the millions of years ages assigned to the rocks and fossils by their interpretation within the uniformitarian and evolutionary framework.
The only radioactive dating method that could be directly applied to many fossils is radiocarbon or carbon-14 (14C) dating. However, because radiocarbon decays relatively rapidly, it is only useful in practice up to about 50,000 years.3 Thus most fossils, being regarded as millions of years old, are never tested for radiocarbon, because they are not supposed to have any left.
A fossilised tree stump
Figure 2. General view of the fossilised tree stump (scale bar in cm). The shiny coalified bark around the perimeter can be clearly seen.
Figure 3. Click here for a larger image. The local geological column for the upper portion of the Newcastle Coal Measures showing where the Great Northern coal seam occurs.
Among the sedimentary rock layers, some of the most significant are coal beds. These can be tens of metres thick and stretch for many hundreds of square kilometres. They consist of the broken remains—leaves, twigs, bark, logs, etc.—of countless millions of trees of many varieties. Usually the process of fossilising this vegetation debris obliterates most of the recognisable features of these individual components, as the whole buried mass is transformed into coal.
However, sometimes components can be identified—for example, fossilised tree stumps sitting on top of coal beds. Such a fossilised tree stump was found by miners in the Newvale No. 2 (underground) Coal Mine north of Sydney, Australia (Figure 1). A portion of it was saved by one of the miners (Figure 2).
One of the major coal beds exploited in the Newvale No. 2 Coal Mine is the Great Northern Seam, near the top of the sequence of rock units known collectively as the Newcastle Coal Measures (Figure 3) within the Sydney Basin. Based on the plant fossils found in them, these coal beds (including the associated mudstone in which the stump was found) have been designated Upper Permian, which uniformitarian geologists would therefore assign to a period of Earth’s history around 250 million years ago.4,5
Figure 4 shows the relative position of the fossilised tree stump when it was found, surrounded by a 150 mm (almost 6 inches) thick layer of mudstone sitting directly on top of the coal (Great Northern Seam). That portion of the fossilised tree stump recovered has a diameter of 110 mm (almost 4½ inches) and stands 100 mm (about 4 inches) high (Figure 2 and Figure 5). A shiny thin ‘skin’ encompasses the outer perimeter (Figure 2, Figure 5 and Figure 6) and represents the original tree bark, which upon burial was coalified. In contrast, the former wood has been silicified (literally turned to stone by impregnation with silica), though it is dull black from still being carbon-rich (Figure 6).
| Sample Type | Lab Code | 14C “Age” (years BP) | δ13CPDB |
|---|---|---|---|
| coalified bark | GX-21867 |
33,000 ± 400
|
-27.2‰ |
| silicified wood | GX-22613 |
>48,000
|
-26.7‰ |
| Table 1. Radiocarbon (14C) analyses of samples from the fossilised tree stump | |||
Radiocarbon (14C) analyses
Figure 4. Click here for a larger image. Diagram to illustrate the relative position of the fossilised tree stump sitting on top of the Great Northern coal seam (not drawn to scale).
Small pieces of the coalified bark and the silicified wood immediately underneath it were sent for radiocarbon (14C) analyses to Geochron Laboratories in Cambridge, Boston (USA), a reputable, internationally-recognized commercial laboratory. The laboratory staff were not told exactly where the samples came from, or their supposed evolutionary age, to ensure that there would be no resultant bias. This laboratory uses the more sensitive accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) technique for radiocarbon analysis, now recognized as producing the most reliable results, even on minute quantities of carbon in samples.
The radiocarbon results are listed in Table 1. There was detectable radiocarbon in the coalified bark, yielding a supposed 14C ‘age’ of 33,700 ± 400 years BP (before present). On the other hand, the small quantity of carbon extracted from the silicified wood sample was insufficient to yield a finite 14C ‘age’, so the result could only be reported as >48,800 years BP, beyond the detection limits. Of course, the wood inside a tree stump would not be >15,100 years older than the bark enclosing it. So the 14C ‘age’ of the bark places an ‘age’ limit on the immediately underlying silicified wood.
Of course, if the wood really were 250 million years old as is supposed, one should not be able to obtain a finite age from radiocarbon—all detectable 14C should have decayed away in a fraction of that alleged time.
Objections
Figure 5. Another view of the fossilised tree stump (scale bar in cm). The shiny coalified bark can again be clearly seen, as can the dull silicified wood within the stump.
The most obvious objection that might be raised against these radiocarbon results by sceptics uncomfortable with the implications is that the minute quantity of radiocarbon detected in this fossilised tree stump is due to contamination. 6 Such a criticism is unjustified, and by implication casts a slur on the radiocarbon laboratory’s Ph.D. scientific staff. As qualified routine practitioners, they understand the problem with contamination, and how to avoid it in sample preparation. Yet they reported these analyses as genuine in situ radiocarbon (14C). Furthermore, the last column of Table 1 lists the d13CPDB results, which are consistent with the analysed carbon in the fossilised tree stump representing organic carbon from wood, not from contamination. 7
Another objection is that acceptance of these results as genuine 14C ‘ages’ is based on bias, incompetence or ignorance.8 However, those who would make such accusations in reality reject these results primarily because such 14C ‘ages’ ‘cannot possibly’ be obtained from a fossilised tree stump sitting in a layer of ‘250 million years old’ Upper Permian mudstone. Of course, such pronouncements are based solely on a rock-and-fossil dating scheme derived from evolutionary and uniformitarian beliefs, not from some independent, objective scientific standard.
Conclusions
Figure 6. A close-up of the fossilised tree stump (scale bar in cm). Not only can the shiny coalified bark be seen, but also the growth rings in the dull silicified interior wood.
Within the Creation/Flood framework of Earth history, the Flood occurred about 4,500 years ago. Therefore, even though this tree stump must have grown before the Flood (to be then buried and fossilised in sediments laid down by the Flood) there cannot have been more than about 5,000 years at most since it died.
However, a 33,700 ± 400 years BP radiocarbon ‘age’ for this fossilised tree stump is neither inconsistent nor unexpected. A stronger magnetic field before, and during, the Flood would have shielded the Earth more strongly from incoming cosmic rays,9 so there would have been much less radiocarbon in the atmosphere then, and thus much less in the vegetation. Since the laboratory calculated the 14C ‘age’ based on the assumption that the level of atmospheric radiocarbon in the past has been roughly the same as the level in 1950, the resultant radiocarbon ‘age’ is much greater than the true age.10
On the other hand, a 33,700 ± 400 years BP radiocarbon ‘age’ emphatically conflicts with, and casts doubt upon, the evolutionary fossil and uniformitarian rock ‘age’ of 250 million years for this fossilised tree stump. Clearly, the radiocarbon dating method, although demonstrating that the specimen cannot be millions of years old, has not provided its true age.11 However, correctly understood, this radiocarbon analysis is totally consistent with the biblical account of a young Earth and a recent global Flood, as recorded in the book of Genesis by the Creator Himself.
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Footnotes
- D.V. Ager, ‘Fossil frustrations’, New Scientist 100:425, 1983.
- The millions of years interpretation needs
to be separated from the reality of the sequence
of rock layers containing fossils that are
stacked on top of one another.
Creationist geologists do not deny that there is a genuine geological record. They recognise that the fossils and rocks are usually found in a particular order, but reject the millions of years imposed on that order. Instead, catastrophic geological processes during the global Flood of Genesis can adequately account for this geological record. - Radiocarbon (14C) has a half-life
(a measure of the rate of decay) of about 5730
years. After about 10 half-lives there will be
so little 14C left that it is
undetectable. So about 50,000 years is regarded
as the upper limit of the radiocarbon dating
method.
This is not to say that 14C ages quoted in the secular literature all represent real ages, because there are problems with the method (see later in this article). - D. Agnew, M. Bocking, K. Brown, M. Ives, D. Johnson, M. Howes, B. Preston, R. Rigby, P. Warbrooke and C.R. Weber, ‘Sydney Basin—Newcastle Coalfield’, Geology of Australian Coal Basins, C.R. Ward, H.J. Harrington, C.W. Mallett and J.W. Beeston (eds), Coal Geology Group (Geological Society of Australia) Special Publication No. 1, pp. 197–212, 1995.
- F.M. Gradstein and J. Ogg, ‘A Phanerozoic time scale’, Episodes 19(1 & 2):3–5 and chart, 1996.
- Professor R. Hedges, Director of the
Radiocarbon Unit, Oxford University, England,
when shown a copy of my previous article,
‘Radioactive “dating” in conflict! Fossil wood
in "ancient" lava flow yields radiocarbon’,
Creation 20(1):24–27, 1997, wrote in
a letter dated January 22, 1998 to Mr Jack Lewis
of Isleham, Ely (England):
‘In radiocarbon dating the date depends on the amount of radiocarbon left in a sample. If only 1% is left the date corresponds to an age of about 37,000 years; if only 0.5% remains, to about 42,000 years; if only 0.1%, to about 51,000. Therefore labs which quote ages of 37–42 thousand years are finding between 1% and 0.1% of C-14. This is approximately consistent with finding none at all, given that some error is inevitably involved. That is why some of the dates are quoted as being greater than some particular age. Where “finite” ages are obtained and quoted, it is probably because a minute amount of contamination, say at the 0.2% level, by modern substances — dust, fungal spores, etc.—has happened and could not be removed. Anyone working in the field understands this. For more recent dates the effect of 0.2% contamination is negligible, but it is in fact the limitation to measuring older dates than about 30–40 thousand years.’
It is worth noting that according to this expert testimony, Professor Hedges would thus have to accept that this fossilised tree stump with a 14C ‘age’ of 33,700 ± 400 years BP has greater than 1% radiocarbon left, so that the effect of even 0.2% contamination would be ‘negligible’. It is thus an acceptable 14C ‘age’, confirmed by Oxford University’s radiocarbon expert!
Note that with the previous study also, precautions were taken to exclude 14C due to contamination. - d13CPDB denotes the measured difference of the ratio of 13C/12C (both stable isotopes) in the sample compared to the PDB (Pee Dee Belemnite) standard—a fossil belemnite (a shellfish related to octopuses and cuttlefish) in the Pee Dee Formation in the USA. The units used are parts per thousand, written as ‰ or per mil (compared with parts per hundred, written as % or per cent). Organic carbon from the different varieties of life give different characteristic d13C values.
- Professor R. Hedges also wrote in the same
letter about my previous article:
‘The writer of the article was either ignorant or prejudiced or probably both.’
Roy Goodwin, Chief Technician in the Department of Earth Sciences, Oxford University, England, likewise wrote on January 26, 1998 to Mr Jack Lewis:‘It’s always difficult for a scientist to comment on a supposedly scientific paper written by a religious fundamentalist who believes in the literal truth of the chronology of biblical creation…. When confronted with this article by A. Snelling, a scientist would argue that something has gone drastically wrong with the field and/or laboratory work and would then propose detailed scientific tests to try to understand the chronological contradictions described in the paper.’
- D.R. Humphreys, ‘Reversals of the Earth’s magnetic field’, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Creationism, R.E. Walsh, C.L. Brooks and R.S. Crowell (eds), Creation Science Fellowship, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Vol. II, pp. 113–126, 1986.
- Also, the Flood buried much carbon. The stable 12C would thus have not been totally replaced in the biosphere after the Flood, whereas 14C would have been regenerated in the atmosphere (from nitrogen). So comparing today’s 14C/12C with the 14C/12C in pre-Flood material would yield too high a calibration, resulting in ‘ages’ far too large.
- Nevertheless, the results of this
investigation confirm that radiocarbon is found
in fossil wood at deeper levels in the
geological record, as should be expected based
on the premise that the wood was buried and
fossilised during the global Genesis Flood.
Furthermore, it may yet be possible, once enough data is available, to recalibrate the radiocarbon ‘clock’ based on a stronger magnetic field, lower cosmic ray influx and thus less 14
C production in the past, plus the effects of the Flood suddenly burying so much organic carbon. Investigations are continuing.