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So ran the heading in the journal Nature, as geophysicist Ronald Merrill of the University of Washington (Seattle) tried to grapple (unsuccessfully) with the newly published evidence confirming that ‘extraordinarily rapid’ reversals of the Earth’s magnetic field have indeed occurred.1,2

A decade ago, Prévot and Coe (and colleagues) reported in three papers the evidence they had found of extremely rapid changes of the Earth’s magnetic field recorded in lava flows at Steens Mountain in southern Oregon (USA).3,4,5 Scientists regard Steens Mountain as the best record of a magnetic reversal because the volcano spewed out 56 separate flows during that episode, each of these rock layers providing time-lapse snapshots of the reversal. Within one particular flow, Prévot and Coe discovered that rock toward the top showed a different magnetic orientation than did rock lower down. They interpreted this to mean that the field shifted about 3° a day during the few days it took the single layer to cool.6 Such a rate of change is about 500 times faster than that seen in direct measurements of the field today, so,

most geomagnetists dismissed the claim by applying the principle of least astonishment—‘it was easier to believe that these lava flows did not accurately record the changes in the earth’s magnetic field than to believe that there was something fundamentally wrong with the conventional wisdom of the day’

on the origin and history of the field.7

There the story would have ended, except that Coe and Prévot have continued their painstaking work. Now they have reported that the rate at which the orientation of the ancient magnetic field rotated reached an astounding 6° per day over an 8-day period, and have argued that these field changes recorded in these lava flows at Steens Mountain do reflect changes in the Earth’s main magnetic field.8

These findings veer far from the textbook image of how the Earth is supposed to work. Says Roberts of the University of California, Los Angeles, ‘to a theoretician like myself, these results are almost inconceivable’.9 Yet earth scientists lack a firm understanding of the Earth’s magnetic field. According to current theory, swirling currents of molten iron within the Earth’s outer core create a dynamo that powers the magnetic field. It is believed that once every few hundred thousand years, the field flips orientation, swapping north pole for south pole. These so-called magnetic reversals supposedly take about 10,000 years from start to finish.

Most geophysicists questioned the original finding. ‘I can’t really understand the mechanism’, says Hoffman of California Polytechnic State University.10 In the face of this conundrum, some geophysicists are trying—so far unsuccessfully—to pin the rapid shifts on something other than the core itself. Critics have thus pointed out that the magnetisation might not be primary; it is not uncommon to find lava flows that have been remagnetised long after they cool, for example, because of chemical alteration. Thus they concluded that the alleged rapid changes in the Earth’s field really reflect an imperfection in the magnetic recording process, an ‘artefact’ according to Bloxham of Harvard University.

However, Coe and Prévot (with Camps) have now tackled such criticism head-on, making a convincing case against the ‘magnetic artefact’ argument. The two lava flows they have studied have quite different magnetic properties and yet show similar signals, making it harder to blame some glitch in the record. Hoffman agrees:

‘We haven’t found anything really questionable about the rock magnetics.’

Similarly, they have convincingly countered other hypotheses, such as that the changes in the magnetisation reflected changes in the external magnetic field associated with, say, a magnetic storm.

Bloxham acknowledges that he and his geophysicist colleagues are having a hard time explaining away the findings. ‘People are taking them seriously’, he says.11 Indeed, Merrill agrees. ‘They are some of the best experimentalists in the world. They’ve made it much more difficult to be a skeptic’, he says.12

‘In short, if Coe et al. are correct, then the consequences could be much more profound than they say’ concludes Merrill.13

‘All this leaves us with a dilemma; we would like to apply the principle of least astonishment, but to which data and interpretations? Some scientists will accept the view as given by the authors [Coe et al.]. Others, I suspect, will choose to believe the rock magnetic record is still inaccurate …’

However, Merrill and all his uniformitarian colleagues have failed to consider his own stated—alternative that there is

‘something fundamentally wrong with the conventional wisdom of the day’

on the origin and history of the Earth’s magnetic field! Why? Because they would have to abandon their dynamo theory and its millions of years time-scale? In fact, there is a viable alternative explanation for both the origin of the geomagnetic field and for the rapid field reversals (in days and weeks, not thousands of years) that fits all the data—freely decaying electric currents in the Earth’s core, as proposed by young-earth creationists Barnes and Humphreys,14,15 with the rapid field reversals associated with the Flood event. Indeed, Humphreys predicted that evidence of rapid reversals would be found before Coe et al. announced their ‘discovery’. How much more data then do Coe et al. need to generate before the geophysical community is prepared to abandon its failed dynamo theory? Perhaps Merrill could be right on one point –

‘Eventually, the consequences should be profound’

We may yet all be astonished!

References

  1. Merrill, R. T., 1995. Principle of least astonishment. Nature, 374:674–675.

     

  2. Coe, R. S., Prévot, M. and Camps, P., 1995. New evidence for extraordinarily rapid change of the geomagnetic field during a reversal. Nature, 374:687–692.

     

  3. Prévot, M., Mankinen, E. A., Grommé, C. S. and Coe, R.S., 1985. How the geomagnetic field vector reverses polarity. Nature, 316:230–234.

     

  4. Mankinen, E. A., Prévot, M., Grommé, C. S. and Coe, R. S., 1985. The Steens Mountain (Oregon) geomagnetic polarity transition, 1. Directional variation, duration of episodes, and rock magnetism. Journal of Geophysical Research, 90:10,393–10,416.

     

  5. Prévot, M., Mankinen, E. A., Coe, R. S. and Grommé, C. S., 1985. The Steens Mountain (Oregon) geomagnetic polarity transition, 2. Field intensity variations and discussion of reversal models. Journal of Geophysical Research, 90:10,417–10,448.

     

  6. Coe, R. S. and Prévot, M., 1989. Evidence suggesting extremely rapid field variation during a geomagnetic reversal. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 92:292–298.

     

  7. Merrill, Ref. 1, p. 674.

     

  8. Coe et al., Ref. 2.

     

  9. Monastersky, R., 1995. Earth’s magnetic field follies revealed. Science News, 147:244.

     

  10. Appenzeller, T., 1992. A conundrum at Steens Mountain. Science, 255:31.

     

  11. Appenzeller, Ref. 10.

     

  12. Monastersky, Ref. 9.

     

  13. Merrill, Ref. 1, p. 674.

     

  14. Humphreys, D. R., 1986. Reversals of the earth’s magnetic field during the Genesis Flood. In: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Creationism, R. E. Walsh, C. L. Brooks and R. S. Crowell (eds), Creation Science Fellowship, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Vol. 2, pp. 113–126.  

     

  15. Humphreys, D. R., 1990. Physical mechanism for reversals of the earth’s magnetic field during the Flood. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Creationism, R. E. Walsh and C. L. Brooks (eds), Creation Science Fellowship, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Vol. 2, pp. 129–142.