Summary

Each year, millions of young people in our high schools, colleges, and universities are attracted to the study of mythology. Many of them are Christians. Mythology is an intriguing subject. However, the literature that rules this field today springs from an atheistic standpoint which skulks beneath the thinnest possible veneer of honest scholarship. The works of Jane Ellen Harrison, Joseph Campbell, and the many other authors who have bought into their erroneous assumptions are treated as insightful and brilliant. They presume to teach the meaning of mythology and its relationship to the history of humanity; however, the reality is that, like the scribes and Pharisees of Jesus’ time, their intellectual pride renders them blind to the obvious.

The serpent convinced Eve that what God had said was not worth considering, and this same serpent’s viewpoint is what characterizes and unites these writings into a single dominating and deluding literary genre. Many of their facts are correct, but as they demean the truth of the book of Genesis, they shun the only context into which the facts sensibly fit.

No matter how overt or substantial the evidence, atheist scholars, by definition, cannot conclude that the book of Genesis is a valid historical document. That is because validation of the truth of Genesis leads inevitably to validation of the reality of the God of Genesis. Thus, atheists must develop their own subjective, ambiguous, and convoluted explanations for the abundant ancient evidence that points toward the characters and events of Eden. As such, there is no cohesive foundation to their thinking. They are dogmatic, as opposed to being open-minded; sentimental, as opposed to being objective; and blind to truth, as opposed to being truly enlightened. Let’s take a look at their thinking and influence.

Jane Ellen Harrison

Jane Ellen Harrison (1850–1928) was an avowed atheist and author of Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion and Epilegomena to the Study of Greek Religion and Themis. She made a name for herself in the fields of Greek mythology and anthropology by projecting her own brand of feminism onto the ancient world. Her work is especially revered in liberal arts colleges today.

Ignoring Eve, Harrison wrote that the various mother-goddess images in Greek art pointed to an ideal and peaceful matrifocal (female-centered) society which preceded the Greek patriarchal system. Patriarchy, Harrison wrote, ‘would fain dominate all things, would invade even the ancient prerogative of the mother, the right to rear the child she bore … [it] usurps the function of the mother … .’¹ As an example of this male usurpation, she cited the birth of Athena who emerged full-grown from her father, Zeus.¹ As one who takes the book of Genesis seriously, I have no difficulty in seeing the full-grown birth of Athena out of a male god as a picture of Eve’s full-grown birth out of Adam. Harrison’s atheism blinded her to that possibility. If the patriarchal system was so anti-female, why then would the Athenians elevate Athena above all the other gods to the supreme heights of their city, and build her the most glorious temple in ancient Greece?

The facts do not support a time when idyllic matriarchal cultures ruled. While there is plenty of evidence for goddess worship in the ancient world, there is next to none pointing to matrifocal societies, peaceful or otherwise. Harrison’s mother died shortly after she was born. Sadly, in her personal life, tragedy (repeating her own words) ‘invade[d] even the ancient prerogative of the mother, the right to rear the child she bore’. Thus, her yearning for a lost nurturing system ruled by women speaks more to what she missed in her own childhood than to any historical reality.

It took a number of decades, but Barbara G. Walker finally carried Harrison’s thinking to its logical limits with the publication of her 1,124-page The Woman’s Encyclopedia of Myths and Secrets in 1983. In her book, Walker proposes that women once owned all the land, governed its cultivation, and at their discretion made and unmade their sexual attachments.² That’s why the patriarchal movement made up the myth of Eden—so that men would have an excuse to blame and disenfranchise women. And, not surprisingly, ‘Christianity itself was an offshoot of Middle-Eastern Goddess worship’.³

Joseph Campbell

After Harrison but before Walker came another atheist, Joseph Campbell (1904–1987), who built a large part of his thinking on the weak foundations laid out by Harrison. As an American author, editor, and teacher known primarily for his writings on myths, Campbell used his own unique forms of sophistry to undermine and deny the ancient evidence that points to the events recounted in the early chapters of Genesis. Bill Moyers (see below) made Campbell famous by promoting his work on a PBS series entitled Joseph Campbell and the Power of Myth in 1988. An estimated thirty million people viewed the original presentation and it has been re-aired often as part of PBS fundraising efforts. In 1991, Dr Tom Snyder wrote:

‘Campbell has perhaps more influence on current American religious thought than any other contemporary writer. His books fill the religion sections of major bookstore chains; are required reading in most college and university religion, literature, and philosophy courses; and have become handbooks of spirituality to the New Agers, neo-pagans, Gaia environmentalists, and 1990s religious dabblers.’⁴

Campbell’s influence has only grown in the intervening twelve years. More than twenty of his books (authored or co-authored) are still in print and offered for sale on Amazon.com. His erroneous thinking on the subjects of mythology and anthropology continues to pass for wisdom in our high schools, colleges and universities. A brief look at Campbell’s underlying assumptions will help us understand a revealing flaw at the very heart of his research and ideas.

Joseph Campbell maintained that myths are ‘cultural manifestations of the universal need of the human psyche to explain social, cosmological, and spiritual realities’.⁵ This is really nothing more than a fancy way of saying that ‘myths are what they are’. Contrary to Campbell’s disguised tautology, I maintain that myth is essentially history, and that many ancient myths and works of art tell the same story as the book of Genesis, but from the standpoint that the serpent is the enlightener of mankind rather than its deceiver. Campbell was blind to this simple truth as the following example of his errant thinking will show. On page 14 of his The Masks of God: Occidental Mythology, he features an illustration of a Sumerian seal (Figure 1). Here we have a man, a woman, a tree, and a serpent. We think immediately of Eden. But Campbell writes that this ‘cannot possibly be, as some scholars have supposed, the representation of a lost Sumerian version of the Fall of Adam and Eve’.⁶ Why not? Because, he writes, there is no

‘… sign of divine wrath or danger to be found. There is no theme of guilt connected with the garden. The boon of the knowledge of life is there, in the sanctuary of the world, to be culled. And it is yielded willingly to any mortal, male or female, who reaches for it with the proper will and readiness to receive.’⁶

But this is exactly why it is Eden. This is the view of the events in the garden taken by Kain (Cain) and those who embraced his way. They defied and ultimately dispensed with the angry God, so He and His wrath are not going to show up here. There is no guilt because there is no sin; there is no sin, or falling short of the ideal, because, according to the line of Kain, Adam and Eve did the right thing in taking the fruit. In Genesis 3:14, Yahweh condemned the serpent to crawl on its torso and eat soil. On the Sumerian seal, the serpent rises to a height above the seated humans. Why? Those who hold to the belief system of Kain revere the wisdom of the friendly serpent who freely offers the fruit of the tree of knowledge, enlightening the two progenitors of all humanity so that they and their offspring might be as gods, knowing good and evil. One does not need an advanced degree in cultural anthropology to grasp this simple truth.

How do we explain the fact that Campbell misses something so obvious and so basic to the study of mythology? He must ignore evidence and insights which contradict his atheism or his whole system falls apart. Note that Campbell does not refer to the Eden connection as improbable or unlikely, but as impossible; i.e. as something that, in his words, ‘cannot possibly be’. His atheistic standpoint demands that the book of Genesis be treated as a fable. Campbell wrote:

‘No one of adult mind today would turn to the Book of Genesis to learn of the origins of the earth, the plants, the beasts, and man. There was no flood, no tower of Babel, no first couple in paradise, and between the first known appearance of men on earth and the first building of cities, not one generation (Adam to Cain) but a good two million must have come into this world and passed along. Today we turn to science for our imagery of the past and of the structure of the world, and what the spinning demons of the atom and the galaxies of the telescope’s eye reveal is a wonder that makes the babel of the Bible seem a toyland dream of the dear childhood of our brain.’⁷

These words belong at the beginning of Campbell’s book so that the reader might know his standpoint; but instead, they appear in the last chapter entitled ‘Conclusion’, implying that all that went before somehow backs them up. Campbell’s paragraph, above, does not represent a validly deduced conclusion from the facts; on the contrary, it is his biased set of unchallengeable assumptions out of which his study of mythology originates and through which it proceeds. These assumptions colour his choice of facts and the way in which he chooses to present them—thus, his irrational insistence that the Sumerian seal depicting the serpent’s side of Eden is no such thing. Campbell does not believe what the childish ‘babel’ of Genesis says about anything, including Eden, and is therefore his reason why the Sumerian depiction could not possibly represent it. He writes that the male figure (Adam) on the Sumerian seal is ‘the ever-dying, ever-resurrected Sumerian god who is the archetype of incarnate being’.⁷ Since Campbell is an evolutionist, shouldn’t his ‘archetype of incarnate being’ look less like a human and more like a tadpole, a monkey, or a knuckle-dragging apeman?

When Campbell writes ‘we turn to science for our imagery of the past’ he means ‘I turn to science for my imagery of the past’. And his chief ‘scientists’ turn out to be Freud, Darwin, and Nietzsche—men whose theories and ideas are founded on their own unsound atheism. ‘Vain are you made in your reasonings, and darkened is your unintelligent heart. Alleging yourself to be wise, you are made stupid’,* the apostle Paul might say to Campbell. Romans 1:25 applies here: Campbell and his scientists stand among those who ‘alter the truth of God into the lie, and are venerated, and offer divine service to the creature rather than the Creator … .’

Some observers think of Campbell as a pantheist, some think of him as a one-world Buddhist, and still others see him as a New Ager with a strong Hinduistic basis. None of these beliefs defines his work, however. The theme that unifies his work is his antipathy to God and Christ. In one of the tapes of the PBS series, Campbell ridicules the Christian belief in resurrection calling it ‘a clown act, really’.⁴ In the book, The Power of Myth, an outgrowth of the PBS series, he makes the following statements:

‘We know that Jesus could not have ascended to heaven because there is no physical heaven anywhere in the universe.’⁸

‘Jesus on the cross, the Buddha under the tree—these are the same figures.’⁹

‘Once you reject the idea of the Fall in the Garden, man is not cut off from his source.’¹⁰

‘[The serpent] is the primary god, actually, in the Garden of Eden. Yahweh, the one who walks there in the cool of the evening, is just a visitor.’¹¹

‘One problem with Yahweh, as they used to say in the old Christian Gnostic texts is that he forgot he was a metaphor. He thought he was a fact.’¹²

In The Inner Reaches of Outer Space, Campbell predicts a new mythology for a new age wherein a ‘unified earth’ will become ‘as of one harmonious being’.¹³ The ancient and glorious matrifocal age (which never actually existed in the first place) is on the way back! At long last, humanity will be rid of God and His Christ, for the old

‘… Near Eastern desacralization of nature by way of a doctrine of the Fall will have been rejected; so that any such limiting sentiment as that expressed in 2 Kings 5:15, “there is no God in all the earth but in Israel,” will be (to use a biblical term) an abomination.’¹⁴

While Campbell’s work teaches that Genesis and the rest of the Scriptures are basically irrelevant, the more important question remains, how do the Scriptures define his belief system? As Campbell is systematic in his opposition to the central tenet of Christianity—Christ’s resurrection from the dead—his teachings are those of an antichrist, many of whom, according to 1 John 2:18, have come out into the world.

Some of his followers may reason that Campbell is not anti-Christ because he says that Christ’s most important teaching is ‘love your enemies’, and then encourages his followers to do that by removing the motes in their eyes.¹⁵ But the original meaning of ‘anti’ in Greek is not ‘against’ but rather ‘instead’. Instead of Christ Himself, Campbell offers one of Christ’s sayings which he misappropriates into his own atheistic framework—almost anything instead of Christ will do, including some of Christ’s words taken out of context.

Buffie Johnson et al.

Scores of authors have followed the alien paths carved out by Harrison and Campbell in their own books and have thus been drawn into wasteful pseudo-intellectual excursions of their own. I have mentioned the work of Barbara G. Walker, above. Lady of the Beasts by Buffie Johnson is another book among many which shows how the teachings of Harrison and Campbell have been picked up and spread. Besides the name of a special friend, Campbell appears first in Johnson’s acknowledgements, and Harrison is cited often.

In her book, Johnson features seventy pages devoted to the serpent in the ancient world. Over and over, she stresses the importance of the serpent: ‘The serpent was venerated throughout ancient Egypt … . Reverence for the snake in the Near East equaled that found in Egypt … . The Minoans like the Egyptians had not been conditioned to see in the snake a symbol of evil … ,’ etc.¹⁶ She concludes, ‘At the dawn of literate time, therefore, the serpent appears as a supreme figure guarding the Tree of Life and the Tree of Knowledge’.¹⁷ Over and over, she points to the connection between a woman, a tree, and a serpent; but she cannot see the Genesis connection. That is because her standpoint is based on that of Campbell, Harrison, and other atheists.

She features an illustration of the same Sumerian seal Campbell pictures in his book on Greek myth, and which I have discussed, above (Figure 1). Here is what she writes about it in her book: ‘Although there are similarities, the possibility that this could be an early version of the Adam and Eve story has been denied by archaeologists’ [emphasis mine].¹⁸

Note that she does not say that archaeologists have disproved it, or refuted it, but have denied it. All atheists must deny the possibility of an Eden, and Johnson is no exception. Atheists must deny every bit of evidence that suggests or points to a Creator God; and likewise, they must deny all the evidence that points to the inextricably related idea that the book of Genesis is a true account of human origins. Their denials are a matter of atheistic dogma, not of science or of logic.

The irony, of course, is that even as they maintain that the early events of Genesis have no real meaning for themselves or the rest of humanity, they embrace and exalt the ‘wisdom’ of the Genesis serpent. While God has instructed us to subdue ‘every living animal of the earth’ (Genesis 9:2), they look up to a wild beast as a source of knowledge for mankind. This is the true abomination, for ‘what is high among men is an abomination in the sight of God’ (Luke 16:15). In Prolegomena, Harrison features an ancient Greek relief of a woman and two men worshipping the serpent (Figure 2). Campbell copied it into his Occidental Mythology. Do we see these authors in this picture?

Bill Moyers

Bill Moyers is a third person who may also fit into this ancient serpent-worshiping relief. In the Power of Myth, Moyers is quoted as saying to Campbell, ‘far from undermining my faith, your work in mythology has liberated my faith from the cultural prisons to which it had been sentenced.’¹⁹

How naïve the sophisticates have become! Campbell did not even believe that God exists. How could such a man possibly offer any edification at all to the body of Christ? And what kind of ‘faith’ is Moyers talking about? The only faith Moyers shows by touting Campbell’s work is faith in the serpent’s ability to undermine the Word of God and delude mankind.

As an experienced journalist who claims to be a Christian, it is unacceptable for Moyers to present Campbell’s disguised atheism and idolatrous fervour to the public as academic brilliance. It was astounding to learn that, to him, the greatest sin was the sin of ‘inadvertence, of not being alert, not quite awake’.²⁰Asleep to the truth himself, Campbell found in Moyers an unthinking enthusiast willing to sleepwalk through his own spiritual life, unwittingly perpetuating spiritual fraud upon young minds.

Conclusion

The works of Harrison and Campbell, aided by Bill Moyers’ promotion of Campbell, have generated an atheistic genre which now dominates mythology literature. The works of these authors are part of a trap laid by the Adversary, a barricade on the road to truth. The serpent’s voice defines and permeates their writings, saying again and again in a hundred different ways, ‘The Scriptures are not true, God does not exist’.

Turning away from the Light and groping in the darkness, these authors have nothing of lasting merit to offer their students. Their theories of mythology don’t make sense because they are not based on a careful analysis of the historical evidence, but rather upon their adamant rejection of the book of Genesis and the God of Genesis. The Psalmist described them perfectly:

‘But the human, in his self-esteem,
Is not understanding at all;
He is comparable to the beasts that are dumb.
This is their way, their stupidity,
And of those after them, who approve of their mouthings’ (Psalms 49:12–13).

All that today’s respected mythologists have proven conclusively is that ‘the wisdom of this world is stupidity with God’ (1 Corinthians 3:19). As atheists, these mythologists eagerly embrace and teach Darwinism. On this basis alone, their books should be rejected: they trace back the origins of their own vaunted intellects, after all, to chance mutations from primordial ooze.

---

* Bible quotations are from the Concordant Literal Translation.

About the Author

Robert Bowie Johnson, Jr is a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point with a degree in general science, and an airborne, ranger infantry veteran of the Vietnam War. He is the author of Athena and Eden: The Hidden Meaning of the Parthenon’s East Façade and Athena and Kain: The True Meaning of Greek Myth. Johnson is currently at work on a book and film documentary called The Parthenon Code, which will include computer-generated reconstructions of the sculptures of Athena’s famous temple. He is also the vice president of Solving Light Books in Annapolis, Maryland.

Web Links